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artificial intelligence 人工智能 paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器 optical computer 光计算机 neural computer 神经计算机 instruction set 指令集 quantum computer 量子计算机 difference engine 差分引擎 versatile logical element 多功能逻辑元件 silicon substrate 硅基底 vacuum tube 真空管 the storage and handling of data 数据的存储和处理 VLSI circuit 超大规模集成电路 central processing unit (CPU) 中央处理单元 personal computer 个人计算机 analogue computer 模拟计算机 digital computer 数字计算机 general-purpose computer 通用计算机 processor chip 处理器芯片 operating instructions 操作指令 input device 输入设备
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| A computer is a machine whose function is to accept data and process them into information. | 计算机是一种机器，其功能是接受数据并将其处理成信息。 |
| Data are facts or observations, while information is the meaning we attribute to them. | 数据是事实或观察结果，而信息是我们赋予它们的意义。 |
| What do we mean when we say that a computer processes data? We process iron ore to make steel; we process wood pulp to make paper. | 当我们说计算机处理数据时，我们是什么意思呢？我们加工铁矿石制造钢铁；我们加工木浆制造纸张。"处理"意味着发生了变化，原材料以某种方式被重组或操纵。 |
| Often, data processing involves filtering and summarizing data so that underlying patterns can be perceived. | 通常，数据处理涉及过滤和总结数据，以便可以感知到底层模式。 |
| How does a computer process its data? What functions, what operations, can it perform? | 计算机如何处理其数据？它可以执行什么功能、什么操作？ |
| Generally, computers can add, subtract, multiply, divide, compare, copy, request input, and request output. | 一般来说，计算机可以进行加法、减法、乘法、除法、比较、复制、请求输入和请求输出。 |
| So can most pocket calculators. What makes a computer different? | 大多数口袋计算器也可以做到这些。那么计算机的不同之处在哪里呢？ |
| A computer processes data automatically, without human intervention. Computers are not intelligent, however. | 计算机可以自动处理数据，无需人为干预。然而，计算机并不具备智能。 |
| They don't know when to add, or subtract, or compare, or request input. | 它们不知道何时进行加法、减法、比较或请求输入。 |
| If a computer is to function without direct human control, it must be given a set of instructions to guide it, step by step, through a process. | 如果要使计算机在没有直接人类控制的情况下运行，必须为其提供一组指令，逐步引导它完成一个过程。 |
| The set of instructions is called a program. The program is stored physically inside the machine, making it a stored program. | 这组指令被称为程序。程序被物理存储在机器内部，使其成为一个存储程序。 |
| The stored program distinguishes a computer from a calculator and allows it to function without human intervention. | 存储程序区别了计算机和计算器，并允许它在没有人为干预的情况下运行。 |
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function key 功能键 voice recognition module 语音识别模块 multifunction printer 多功能打印机 address bus 地址总线 additive manufacturing 添加制造 memory card 存储卡 parallel connection 并行连接 solid state drive 固态驱动器 boot loader 引导加载程序 ink cartridge 墨盒 ROM (read-only memory) 只读存储器 LCD (liquid crystal display) 液晶显示器 inkjet printer 喷墨打印机 data bus 数据总线 serial connection 串行连接 flash memory 闪存 laser printer 激光打印机 Blu-ray disc 蓝光光盘 LED (light-emitting diode) 发光二极管 RAM (random access memory) 随机存取存储器
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| A modem is a device that converts between analog and digital signals. | 调制解调器是一种通信设备，它可以实现模拟信号和数字信号的相互转换。 |
| Digital signals, which are used by computers, are made up of separate units, usually represented by a series of 1's and 0's. | 计算机传输的是数字信号，其构成元素是相互独立的（不相关的）数值，即1/0串。 |
| Analog signals vary continuously; an example of an analog signal is a sound wave. | 模拟信号值则是连续变化的。例子之一是声波。 |
| Modems are often used to enable computers to communicate with each other across telephone lines. | 调制解调器的常见用途是使计算机通过电话线进行相互通讯。 |
| A modem converts the digital signals of the sending computer to analog signals that can be transmitted through telephone lines. | 数字信号经某台计算机发出，被调制解调器转换成模拟信号从而得以通过电话线传递到另一台计算机。 |
| When the signal reaches its destination, another modem reconstructs the original digital signal, which is processed by the receiving computer. | 信号到达之时仍由调制解调器工作，将其解码，再造为原数字信号形式，最后被这台计算机读取。 |
| If both modems can transmit data to each other simultaneously, the modems are operating in full duplex mode (全双工模式); if only one modem can transmit at a time, the modems are operating in half duplex mode. | 如果两台调制解调器双向同时传输数据，那么称其全双工模式工作；如果一次只允许一台调制解调器传输数据，则称为半双工模式工作。 |
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storage register 存储寄存器 function statement 函数语句 program statement 程序语句 object-oriented language 面向对象语言 assembly language 汇编语言 intermediate language 中间语言 declarative language 声明式语言 artificial language 人工语言 data declaration 数据声明 functional language 函数式语言 executable program 可执行程序 program module 程序模块 conditional statement 条件语句 assignment statement 赋值语句 logic language 逻辑语言 machine language 机器语言 SQL (structured query language) 结构化查询语言 programming language 编程语言 run a computer program 运行计算机程序 computer programmer 计算机程序员
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| Object-oriented programming (OOP) languages, such as C++ and Java, are based on traditional high-level languages, but they enable a programmer to think in terms of collections of cooperating objects instead of lists of commands. | 面向对象编程语言如C++以及Java源于传统高级程序设计语言，不同之处在于程序员以相互协作的对象实例集为基础设计程序，而不是将程序设计为命令的序列。 |
| Objects, such as a circle, have properties such as the radius (半径) of the circle and the command that draws it on the computer screen. | 例如对象为一个圆时，它的属性有圆半径，还有在计算机屏幕上画圆的命令。 |
| Classes of objects can inherit features from other classes of objects. | 对象集，也就是类，可以从其它对象集或类继承属性。 |
| For example, a class defining squares can inherit features such as right angles from a class defining rectangles (长方形). | 例如，一个正方形类从一个长方形类那里可以继承属性如四条边的夹角均为直角。 |
| This set of programming classes simplifies the programmer's task, resulting in more "reusable" computer code. | 这种对类进行编程的方式使得可重复利用的计算机代码增多，因而简化了程序员的工作。 |
| Reusable code allows a programmer to use code that has already been designed, written, and tested. | 可重用代码使得程序员可以将已设计、编写及测试好的代码拿来即用，从而帮助程序员更加轻松地完成编程任务。 |
| This makes the programmer's task easier, and it results in more reliable and efficient programs. | 这使得程序员的任务变得更加轻松，同时产生更不容易出错和运行效率更高的程序代码。 |
| Java provides all the luxuries of object-oriented programming: class hierarchy, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism -- in a context that is truly useful and efficient. | Java语言拥有面向对象程序设计语言的所有优点：类结构、继承、封装、以及多态，这些优点在合适的场合将发挥真正的用处和效率。 |
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inference engine 推理引擎 mathematical theorem 数学定理 compiled language 编译语言 parallel computing 并行计算 pattern matching 模式匹配 memory location 存储位置 interpreter program 解释器程序 library routine 库例程 intermediate program 中间程序 source file 源文件 interpreted language 解释型语言 device driver 设备驱动程序 distributed computing 分布式计算 debugging program 调试程序 object code 目标代码 application program 应用程序 utility program 实用程序 logic program 逻辑程序 system call 系统调用 program storage and execution 程序存储与执行
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| In software, a bug is an error in coding or logic that causes a program to malfunction or to produce incorrect results. | 在软件中，bug是编码或逻辑上的错误，导致程序出现故障或产生错误的结果。 |
| Minor bugs -- for example, a cursor that does not behave as expected -- can be inconvenient or frustrating, but not damaging to information. | 小的bug，比如光标未按预期行为，可能会让人感到不便或沮丧，但不会对信息造成损害。 |
| More severe bugs can cause a program to "hang" (stop responding to commands) and might leave the user with no alternative but to restart the program, losing any previous work that has not been saved. | 更严重的bug可能导致程序“挂起”（停止响应命令），用户可能别无选择，只能重新启动程序，失去之前未保存的任何工作。 |
| In either case, the programmer must find and correct the error by the process known as debugging. | 无论哪种情况，程序员都必须通过称为调试的过程找到并纠正错误。 |
| Because of the potential risk to important data, commercial application programs are tested and debugged as completely as possible before release. | 由于对重要数据存在潜在风险，商业应用程序在发布之前会尽可能地进行全面的测试和调试。 |
| Minor bugs found after the program becomes available are corrected in the next update; more severe bugs can sometimes be fixed with special software, called patches, that circumvents the problem or otherwise alleviates its effects. | 程序发布后发现的小bug将在下次更新中进行修正；更严重的bug有时可以使用称为补丁的专用软件修复，该软件可以规避问题或减轻其影响。 |
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computationally intensive processing 计算密集型处理 reusable component 可重用组件 data element 数据元素 service candidate identification 服务候选标识 application-specific system 特定应用系统 utility service 实用服务 Representational State Transfer 表述性状态转移 service binding 服务绑定 task-oriented service 面向任务的服务 service-oriented architecture 面向服务的体系结构 entity-optional service 实体可选服务 SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) 简单对象访问协议 service implementation and deployment 服务实施和部署 digital signature 数字签名 workflow language 工作流语言 business service 业务服务 schema definition 模式定义 XML (Extensible Markup Language) 可扩展标记语言 mobile device 移动设备
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| Software engineering is the branch of computer science that seeks principles to guide the development of large, complex software systems. | 软件工程是计算机科学的一个分支，它寻求开发复杂大型软件系统的指导准则和原理。 |
| The problems faced when developing such systems are more than enlarged versions of those problems faced when writing small programs. | 开发这样的软件系统需要面对的问题比写小程序要面对的问题多的多。 |
| For instance, the development of such systems requires the efforts of more than one person over an extended period of time during which the requirements of the proposed system may be altered and the personnel assigned to the project may change. | 例如，需要不止一个人共同努力地进行长时间开发。在这段时间里软件需求、人员配备都可能发生变化。 |
| Consequently, software engineering also includes such topics as personnel and project management. | 因此，软件工程也包括人员和项目管理等主题。 |
| Research in software engineering is currently progressing on two levels: Some researchers, sometimes called practitioners (实践者), work toward developing techniques for immediate application, whereas others, called theoreticians (理论家), search for underlying principles and theories on which more stable techniques can someday be constructed. | 软件工程研究的进展主要体现在两个层次上：一些研究者，有时也称为实践者，他们致力于开发直接应用的技术；而另一些研究者，被称作理论家，他们寻找潜在的原理和理论，以便有朝一日可以构建更稳定的技术。 |
| Many methodologies developed and promoted by practitioners in the past have been replaced by other approaches that may themselves become obsolete (废弃的) with time. | 许多过去由实践者开发和推广的方法论已经被其他可能随时间而过时的方法所取代。 |
| Meanwhile, progress by theoreticians continues to be slow. | 与此同时，理论家们的进展仍然较为缓慢。 |
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end user 终端用户 atomic operation 原子操作 database administrator 数据库管理员 relational database model 关系数据库模型 local data 本地数据 object-oriented database 面向对象数据库 database management system 数据库管理系统 entity-relationship model 实体关系模型 distributed database 分布式数据库 flat file 平面文件 two-dimensional table 二维表 data attribute 数据属性 database object 数据库对象 storage device 存储设备 data type 数据类型 data insertion and deletion 数据插入和删除 hierarchical database model 分层数据库模型 database architecture 数据库架构 RDBMS (relational database management system) 关系数据库管理系统 global control bus 全局控制总线
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| There are problems with traditional data management. Many result from viewing applications independently. | 传统的数据管理技术会产生一些问题。其中多数都是因为各个应用孤立地处理数据导致的。 |
| For one thing, different applications often need the same data elements. For example, schools generate both bills and student grade reports. | 原因之一是它们访问了相同的一组数据。 例如：学校为学生既生成账单又生成成绩单。 |
| The billing program reads a file of billing data, and the grade report program reads an independent file of grade data. | 账单程序读账务数据，成绩单程序读成绩数据。 |
| The outputs of both programs are mailed to each student’s home; thus, student names and addresses must be redundantly recorded on both files. | 两个程序的执行结果（账单和成绩单）都会邮寄到学生家中，因此两个数据文件都必须包含学生姓名和地址。 |
| What happens when a student moves? Unless both files are updated, one will be wrong. Redundant data are difficult to maintain. | 学生搬家了会发生什么情况呢？除非两个文件都更新数据，否则一方会读到错误的数据值。冗余数据维护起来是很难的。 |
| A more subtle problem is data dependency. Each access method has its own rules for storing and retrieving data, and certain “tricks of the trade” can significantly improve the efficiency of a given program. | 数据依赖问题是处理起来更加棘手的一个问题。每种存取方法都拥有它们自己的一套存取数据的规则，根据这些规则衍生的某些特定的“编程技巧”可以很大程度地提高程序存取数据的效率。 |
| The programmer is often tempted to save even more by taking advantage of these efficiencies. Thus, the program’s logic becomes much dependent upon the physical structure of the data. | 程序员也通常会因为效率提升而被诱使去节省更多资源。因此程序对数据的物理结构其依赖程度是很高的。 |
| The solution to both problems is often organizing the data as a single, integrated database. | 以上两个问题的解决方案通常是把数据集中地组织存储在唯一的一个数据库当中。 |
| The task of controlling access to all the data can then be concentrated in a centralized database management system. | 对数据的所有访问都通过中央数据库管理系统进行。 |
| How does the use of a centralized database solve the data redundancy problem? | 那么，设置唯一一个中央数据库是如何解决数据冗余问题的呢？ |
| All data are collected and stored in a single place; consequently, there is one and only one copy of any given data element. | 所有数据都存储在同一个地方，任何数据都有且仅有一个拷贝。 |
| When the value of an element (an address, for example) changes, the single database copy is corrected. | 当更改数据（如地址）时，更改的是这唯一的拷贝。 |
| Any program requiring access to this data element gets the same value, because there is only one value. | 因此任意程序要访问该数据都将得到同样的值，因为只有一个值。 |
| How does a database help to solve the data dependency problem? | 那么数据库又是如何解决数据依赖问题的呢？ |
| Since the responsibility for accessing the physical data rests with the database management system, the programmer can ignore the physical data structure. | 由于实际存取数据的工作交给了数据库管理系统，程序员编制应用程序时就不必关心数据是按什么结构组织的。 |
| As a result, programs tend to be much less dependent upon their data, and are generally much easier to maintain. | 同时应用程序维护起来也更加容易了。 |
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personal area network 个人局域网 carrier sense 载波感知 protocol suite 协议套件 peer-to-peer model 对等模型 star topology 星型拓扑 communication channel 通信通道 access point 接入点 proprietary network 专有网络 wireless headset 无线耳机 LAN (local area network) 局域网 wireless mouse 无线鼠标 MAN (metropolitan area network) 城域网 closed network 封闭网络 bus topology 总线拓扑 client/server model 客户端/服务器模型 Ethernet standards 以太网标准 interprocess communication 进程间通信 print server 打印服务器 WAN (wide area network) 广域网
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cellular telephone 移动电话 IP address IP地址 analog communications 模拟通信 access ISP 访问互联网服务提供商 fiber-optic cable 光纤缆线 binary notation 二进制表示 mnemonic name 记忆名 Internet-wide directory system 互联网广域目录系统 name server 名称服务器 broadband Internet access 宽带互联网接入 mnemonic identifier 记忆标识符 cable modem 有线调制解调器 network infrastructure 网络基础设施 TLD (top-level domain) 顶级域名 Internet addressing 互联网寻址 dotted decimal notation 点分十进制表示法 video camera 视频摄像头 domain name system 域名系统 satellite uplink 卫星上行 cable television 有线电视
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| (1) A network, in computer science, is a group of computers and associated devices that are connected by communications facilities. | （1）在计算机科学领域，网络是指一组通过通讯设施互连的计算机和设备。 |
| A network can involve permanent connections, such as cables, or temporary connections made through telephone or other communications links. | 网络可以是通过电缆永久性互连的，也可以是通过电话线或其它通讯线路暂时性互连的。 |
| A network can be as small as a local area network consisting of a few computers, printers, and other devices, or it can consist of many small and large computers distributed over a vast geographic area. | 网络可以小至局域网，仅连接了几台计算机、打印机或其它设备，也可以由许多或大或小的、分布于广阔地理范围的计算机构成。 |
| Small or large, a computer network exists to provide computer users with the means of communicating and transferring information electronically. | 无论小或是大，建立计算机网络的目的都是给计算机用户提供通讯和传送信息的手段。 |
| Some types of communication are simple user-to-user messages; others, of the type known as distributed processes, can involve several computers and the sharing of workloads or cooperative (合作的) efforts in performing a task. | 有些网络通信只是在用户之间传递信息，有些则是完成一种被称为分布式处理的任务。后者涉及多台计算机一起参与工作，合力完成通信任务。 |
| (2) In short, the transportation of the gift would be carried out by a 3-level hierarchy: 1) the user level (consisting of you and your friend), 2) the shipping company, and 3) the airline. | （2）简言之，礼物的运输是通过一个三层的运输体系完成的：1）用户层（包括你和你朋友），2）运输公司，以及3）航空公司。 |
| Each level uses the next lower level as an abstract tool. | 每层都把下一层作为一个工具使用。 |
| Each level in the hierarchy has representatives at both the origin and the destination, with the representatives at the destination tending to do the reverse of their counterparts at the origin. | 这个体系结构的每一层都在其源头和目的地拥有若干代表，目的地代表准备对货物做的事情是源头代表所做事情的逆操作。 |
| Such is the case with software for controlling communication over the Internet, except that the Internet software has four layers rather than three, each consisting of a collection of software routines rather than people and business. | 而这与因特网上通讯控制软件所做的事情是一样的，不同之处在于因特网软件是四层体系而非三层，每一层包含一组例程软件，而不涉及到人和公司。 |
| The four layers are known as the application layer, the transport layer, the network layer, and the link layer. | 这四层分别是应用层、传输层、网络层、以及链路层。 |
| A message typically originates in the application layer. | 报文通常在应用层发出。 |
| From there it is passed down through the transport and network layers as it is prepared for transmission, and finally it is transmitted by the link layer. | 穿过传输层和网络层，做好传输准备工作，最后到达链路层，完成物理传输。 |
| The message is received by the link layer at the destination and passed back up the hierarchy until it is delivered to the application layer at the message's destination. | 目的方的链路层接收报文并沿着各层向上传输，直到到达目的方的应用层。 |
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backup system 备份系统 encryption key 加密密钥 data confidentiality 数据保密性 system vulnerability 系统漏洞 unauthorized access 未经授权访问 intrusion detection system 入侵检测系统 after-action recovery 行动后恢复 software piracy 软件盗版 authorized user 授权用户 data unit 数据单元 software version 软件版本 data integrity 数据完整性 system crash 系统崩溃 virus-checking software 杀毒软件 comprehensive security strategy 全面的安全策略 software configuration management 软件配置管理 fault isolation 故障隔离 statistical database 统计数据库 secure encryption algorithm 安全加密算法 data stream 数据流
| English | 中文 |
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| The original information to be hidden is called plaintext （明文）. | 欲隐藏的原始信息被称为明文。 |
| The hidden information is called ciphertext （密文）. | 隐藏好的信息被称为密文。 |
| Encryption is any procedure to convert plaintext into ciphertext. | 加密指的是任何能把明文转换为密文的过程。 |
| Decryption is any procedure to convert ciphertext into plaintext. | 解密指的是任何能把密文转换为明文的过程。 |
| Historically, data encryption has been used primarily to protect diplomatic and military secrets from foreign governments. | 历史上，数据加密主要用于保护外交或军事机密，使其不被外国政府获知。 |
| It is also now used increasingly by the financial industry to protect money transfers, by merchants to protect credit-card information in electronic commerce, and by corporations to secure sensitive communications of proprietary information. | 现今更多地用于比如金融领域以保护汇款交易、电子商务领域以保护客户的信用卡信息，以及被公司用来保护专属敏感信息的传递。 |
| All modern cryptography （密码学） is based on the use of algorithms to encrypt the plaintext into ciphertext. | 现代的密码学都是基于某个算法把明文加密成密文。 |
| The operation of the algorithm requires the use of a key （密钥）. | 算法需要使用到密钥。 |
| Until 1976, the algorithms were symmetric, that is, the key used to encrypt the plaintext was the same as the key used to decrypt the ciphertext. | 在1976年之前加密算法都是对称的，即，用于加密的密钥和用于解密的密钥相同。 |
| In 1977, the American mathematicians introduced the asymmetric or public key algorithm. | 1977年，美国数学家发明了非对称密钥算法或称公钥算法。 |
| This algorithm requires two keys, an unguarded public key used to encrypt the plaintext and a guarded private key used for decryption of the ciphertext; the two keys are mathematically related but cannot be deduced from one another. | 该算法使用两个密钥进行加解密。一个公开的公钥对明文加密，一个保密的私钥对密文解密。两个密钥之间有数学相关性，但只知道其中一个并不能推导出另一个。 |
| The advantages of asymmetric algorithms are that compromising one of the keys is not sufficient for breaking the cipher, and fewer unique keys must be generated. | 非对称加密算法的优势在于只拥有其中一个密钥无法对密文进行破解。此外，该加解密原理使得所用到的不同密钥的总个数比对称算法少。 |
| The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric key algorithm, which has enjoyed widespread use internationally. | DES算法是对称密钥算法，在世界范围内被广泛使用。 |
| In an asymmetric key algorithm, RSA, named after its inventors, and Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) are of the most common use. | 获得应用最多的非对称加密算法如RSA算法以及PGP算法，前者以其发明者命名。 |